Influence of the renewal pruning and control of the rust in the carbohydrate reserves and production of precocious peach tree

Este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência da poda de renovação e controle da ferrugem nas reservas de carboidratos não-estruturados em ramos e raízes do pessegueiro cultivar Flordaprince, bem como o possível efeito na produção e qualidade dos frutos. O trabalho foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ-USP, em Piracicaba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em sete blocos ao acaso, constando de três tratamentos, sendo cada parcela constituída de quatro plantas. O tratamento 1 consistiu na realização da poda de renovação que foi executada 45 dias após a colheita, no mês de outubro de 2003. No tratamento 2, não se realizou a poda de renovação, e foi feito o controle da ferrugem. No tratamento 3, não foi realizada a poda de renovação, tampouco o controle da ferrugem, ocasionando desfolha antecipada. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e à comparação das médias, pelo teste de Tukey. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 3,0 por 1,2 m, correspondendo a 2.777 plantas ha-1. As plantas foram conduzidas em sistema de líder central e receberam as práticas culturais normalmente utilizadas. Foram coletadas amostras de raízes e ramos que foram secos, moídos e submetidos à análise de laboratório para verificação dos teores de carboidratos não-estruturados. Ocorre flutuação na concentração de carboidratos solúveis nas raízes e nos ramos de acordo com a época da coleta, sendo que os teores de carboidratos solúveis nas raízes são sempre superiores àqueles encontrados nos ramos. O tratamento 2 apresentou maior produção de frutos e maior número de frutos por planta. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos nos aspectos qualitativos dos frutos, como diâmetro, comprimento, coloração e teor de sólidos solúveis.This work aimed to verify the influence of the renewal pruning and control of the rust in the reserves of non structured carbohydrates in branches and cultivar peach tree roots Flordaprince, as well as the possible effect in the production and quality of the fruits. The work was conducted in the Vegetable Production Department at ESALQ-USP, in Piracicaba. The used experimental design was in seven random blocks, consisting of three treatments, being each part composed by four plants. The treatment 1 consisted in the renewal pruning that was done 45 days after the harvest, in October 2003. In the treatment 2, the renewal pruning was not accomplished, but the rust control was done. In the treatment 3 neither the renewal pruning nor the rust control was accomplished, making the leaves fall with anticipation. The data was submitted to the variance analyses and to the comparison of the averages by Tukey's test. The spacing pattern was of 3,0 for 1,2 m, (2777 plants/ha). The plants were conducted in the central leader's system and they received the usually cultural practices. Samples of roots and branches were collected and they were dried, crushed and submitted to the laboratory analysis to check the non structured carbohydrate contents. There is a float in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the roots and in the branches according to the harvest period, and the contents of soluble carbohydrates in the roots are always higher than in the ones found in branches. The treatment 2 showed larger production of fruits and larger number of fruits per plant. There was no effect of the treatments in the qualitative aspects of the fruits, such as diameter, length, coloration and content of soluble solids

'Flordaprince' peach behaviour after two intensities of green pruning

Pessegueiros 'Flordaprince' [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] foram submetidos a duas intensidades de poda verde (leve e de renovação), 45 dias após a colheita, com o objetivo de verificar seu efeito sobre o desenvolvimento, a produção, qualidade de frutos e as concentrações de carboidratos solúveis totais em raízes e ramos. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo, em Piracicaba (SP), durante a safra 2003/2004, utilizando-se 48 plantas em espaçamento de 3,0 m x 1,2 m, sob sistema de líder central. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituído de dois tratamentos e doze repetições. A parcela experimental correspondeu a duas plantas, nas quais foram analisados o florescimento efetivo, a densidade de brotação, o crescimento de ramos após a poda verde e após a poda de frutificação, o desenvolvimento, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos e as concentrações de carboidratos solúveis totais presentes em raízes e ramos. A poda de renovação acarretou menor concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais nas raízes durante o período de dormência. Essa poda também reduziu a fixação de frutos e o teor de sólidos solúveis, embora tenha acarretado maior massa individual de frutos. As intensidades de poda verde não influenciaram na concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais em ramos, no desenvolvimento dos frutos e crescimento de ramos após a poda de frutificação. Houve maior acúmulo de carboidratos solúveis totais nas raízes, durante todo o ciclo.'Flordaprince' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was submitted to two levels of green pruning intensity (mild and renewal), 45 days after harvest, with the objective of evaluating its effects on plant development, production, fruit quality and soluble carbohydrates in roots and branches. The experiment was carried out at University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil, in the 2003/2004 season. The experimental designed was entirely randomized, with two treatments and twelve replicates. Experimental unit comprised two plants at the 3,0 m x 1,2 m spacing and was conducted in central leader system. Biometric data collected were: effective flowering, sprouting, shoot length after green and winter pruning, quality and production of fruits, and soluble carbohydrates in roots and branches. Renewal pruning leads to lower soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the roots during dormancy. Renewal pruning also decreases fruit retention and Brix, even though it increases individual fruit weight. Green pruning intensities do not influence soluble carbohydrates concentration in branches, fruit growth or shoot growth after winter pruning. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations are always higher in the roots.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

GA3 and CPPU application on 'Itália' grapes grown in Porto Feliz-SP

A videira 'Itália' (Vitis vinifera L.) é a cultivar de uva fina para mesa mais consumida no Brasil. A qualidade dos cachos é uma característica fundamental, sendo o tamanho das bagas o componente mais valorizado pelos consumidores. Uma das alternativas para incrementar a qualidade das bagas é o uso de biorreguladores. Avaliaram-se, em três ciclos de produção, os efeitos de doses de ácido giberélico (AG3) isolado e associado com forchlorfenuron (CPPU), na qualidade dos cachos de uva Itália produzida em Porto Feliz-SP. A aplicação dos biorreguladores foi realizada aos 25 dias após o florescimento, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4X4 (zero, 10; 20 e 30 mg L-1 AG3 X zero, 5; 10 e 15 mg L-1 CPPU), com oito repetições para o primeiro ciclo, e fatorial 3X3 (zero, 20 e 30 mg L-1 AG3 X zero, 10 e 20 mg L-1 CPPU) com dez repetições para o segundo e terceiro ciclos. A mistura de 20 mg L-1 de AG3 com 10 mg L-1 de CPPU promoveu o incremento do comprimento e do diâmetro das bagas sem prejuízo da massa dos cachos, melhorando sua qualidade, em Porto Feliz-SP. O uso de CPPU isoladamente acarretou em redução do teor de sólidos solúveis das bagas.'Itália' grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the main varieties for fresh market in Brazil. Cluster quality is determinant for commercialization and the berry size is highly valued by consumers. An alternative for improving berry size is the use of growth regulators. The effect of increasing concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) applied alone or in mixtures was evaluated during three production cycles. Growth regulators were applied 25 days after flowering in the "pea berry size" phenologic stage. Experimental design was completely randomized 4x4 factorial (zero, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1 GA3 X zero, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1 CPPU) with eight replications for the first cycle, and 3X3 factorial (zero, 20 and 30 mg L-1 GA3 X zero, 10 and 20 mg L-1 CPPU) with ten replications for the others cycles. The application of GA3 at 20 mg L-1 associated with CPPU at 10 mg L-1 improved berry size without affecting cluster mass, leading to higher grape quality in Porto Feliz, SP. CPPU single application reduced total soluble solids content of the berries.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

Diferenciais de rendimentos entre atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas no meio rural do Brasil

The objective of this study is to estimate income differentials between agricultural and nonagricultural activities in rural areas of the country. The data used are The objective of this study is to estimate income differentials between agricultural and nonagricultural activities in rural areas of the country. The data used are from PNAD (2015) and the models used were Blinder-Oaxaca and RIF Regression. It can be seen that nonagricultural activities generate higher incomes when compared to agricultural ones. Schooling is the variable that best explains the fact that nonagricultural activities earn higher incomes than agricultural ones.O objetivo desse estudo é estimar os diferenciais de rendimentos entre as atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas no meio rural do país. Os dados utilizados são provenientes da PNAD (2015) e os modelos usados foram Blinder-Oaxaca e RIF Regression. Constata-se que as atividades não agrícolas geram rendimentos maiores quando comparadas com as agrícolas. De todas as variáveis utilizadas na amostra, a escolaridade é a que explica melhor o fato de as atividades não agrícolas auferirem rendimentos superiores as agrícolas

A Deep Insight into the Sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a vector of chagas disease

Background Triatomines are hematophagous insects that act as vectors of Chagas disease. Rhodnius neglectus is one of these kissing bugs found, contributing to the transmission of this American trypanosomiasis. The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains bioactive molecules responsible for counteracting host haemostatic, inflammatory, and immuneresponses. Methods/Principal Findings Next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry-based protein identification were performed to investigate the content of triatomine R. neglectus saliva.We deposited 4,230 coding DNA sequences (CDS) in GenBank. A set of 636 CDS of proteins of putative secretory nature was extracted from the assembled reads, 73 of them confirmed by proteomic analysis. The sialome of R. neglectus was characterized and serine protease transcripts detected. The presence of ubiquitous protein families was revealed, including lipocalins, serine protease inhibitors, and antigen-5. Metalloproteases, disintegrins, and odorant binding protein families were less abundant. Conclusions/Significance The data presented improve our understanding of hematophagous arthropod sialomes, and aid in understanding hematophagy and the complex interplay among vectors and their vertebrate hosts

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost